Nuclear Medicine Essay -- nuclear medicine medical

Nuclear Medicine is the use of radioisotopes for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emit gamma rays which provides diagnostic information about a person's anatomy and the functioning of specific organs. Radioisotopes are also utilizes in treatments of diseases such as cancer. It is estimated that approximately one in two people in Western countries are likely to experience the benefits of nuclear medicine in their lifetime. To understand what a radioactive isotope is a basic understanding of the atom is necessary. Atoms are comprised of three subatomic particles : protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons bind together to form the nucleus of the atom, while the electrons surround and orbit the nucleus. Protons and electrons have opposite charges and therefore attract one another (electrons are negative and protons are positive, and opposite charges attract), and in most cases the number of electrons and protons are the same for an atom (making the atom neutral in charge). The neutrons are neutral. Their purpose in the nucleus is to bind protons together. Because the protons all have the same charge and would naturally repel one another, the neutrons act as "glue" to hold the protons tightly together in the nucleus. While all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, it is possible for atoms of one element to have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes . For example, all atoms of the element carbon have 6 protons, but while most carbon atoms have 6 neutrons, some have 7 or 8. Isotopes are named by giving the name of the element followed by the sum of the neutrons and protons in the isotope's nucl... ...why does the technologist step behind a shield to prevent exposure to themself?" The radiation dose for each exam is relatively small, but over time, the dose can add up. There are many state and federal regulations limiting the total radiation dose that may be received by people working with radiation. To comply with those regulations, the technologist must follow strict precautions to keep their cumulative exposure to a minimum. Although no adverse health effects have been directly linked to low-dose radiation exposure, the medical community is playing it safe with regards to radiation. Most physicians are very careful about ordering radiologic tests. They should not order a study unless it will improve patient care. If you have a question about the importance or the necessity of a radiologic test that has been ordered for you, be sure to ask your physician.

Recruitment and Selection of Incepta Pharma

30th September, 2012 Homayara L. Ahmed Course Instructor Manpower Planning and Personnel Policy (J-601) Bangladesh University of Professionals Mirpur Cantonment Dhaka – 1216Subject: Submission of report on â€Å"Recruitment and Selection Process of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd† Dear Madam, Here is the report on â€Å"Recruitment and Selection Process of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. †, which you have assigned us as part of the course curriculum Manpower Planning and Personnel Policy (J-601). This is a group assignment, which was assigned after a series of class lectures and case studies. Thank you for offering us the opportunity to prepare this report. We appreciate the chance to apply our theoretical knowledge which will surely stand us in good stead.We hope that despite of the limitations, this report will give a fare idea regarding Recruitment and Selection Process of an organization to the interested readers. We will be glad to clarify queries if you have a ny. Finally, we thank you again for providing us the opportunity to carry out such study. Sincerely yours, Md. Hafizur Rahman †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Faruque Ahmed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Recruitment and Selection Process of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Prepared for: Homayara L. Ahmed Course Instructor Manpower Planning and Personnel Policy (J-601) Prepared by: Md. Hafizur Rahman M1112023Faruque Ahmed M1112038 MBA-12 BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF PROFESSIONALS Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka September 30, 2012 Executive Summary Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh which established in the year 1999. Now they are exporting their products in 57 countries. Around 4000 individuals from diverse disciplines are working in the company. To attain the goals and objectives, Incepta Pharma choose the right people both from internal and external sources. Only for entry level employees they use external recruitment and selection processes.Their external recruitment sources are universities and other organizations. Recruitment methods are job fair, campus recruitment, internships, advertisement, employee referrals. They use extensive interview method as selection tool. Person/organization staffing model is get priority in the selection process. For mid and senior level employees they follow promotion system based performance and experience. They always prefer employee referral. The main key factor of the success of Incepta Pharma is strong friendly and co-operative working environment.Employees share their tasks with each other. In suddenly vacancies of employment, employees work like team. CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction: Recruitment is the process of identifying that the organization needs to employ someone up to the point at which application forms for the post have arrived at the organization. Selection then consists of the processes involved in choosing from applicants a suitable candidate to fill a post. Recruitment and selection is the core objectives of HR division of an organization.To attain the goals of an organization choosing the right people in right at time right place is very important. Incepta follow their own recruitment and selection process to pick up the best candidates which adjusted their organizational culture. They believe in team work. Employees share their work each other and help to understanding the tasks. They build a very co-operative and friendly environment which is the main ingredient to meet their ultimate goals & objectives. 1. 1 Background of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. s a leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh established in the year 1999. Incepta began its operation with a handful of highly skilled and dedicated professionals guided by an able leadership. Proper strategic planning, technical excellence, swift and timely decisions helped them achieve their objectives leading to much faster growth. Incepta was able to anticipate the need of the market and provide the right product at the right time. High focus on R&D investment from the very beginning made possible the introduction of quality products ahead of its competitors in most cases. Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. s now the 2nd largest Pharmaceuticals company of the country and recognized as the fastest growing of the top five manufacturing company in the country. . The company produces various types of dosage forms which include tablets, capsules, oral liquids, ampoules, dry powder vials, powder for suspension, nasal sprays, eye drops, creams, ointments, lotions, gels, prefilled syringes, liquid filled hard gelatin capsules, lyophilized injections, human vaccine etc. Since its inception, Incepta has been launching new and innovative products in order to fulfill unmet demand of the medical community.The focus has always been to bring new, more technologically advanced molecules and innovative dosage forms to the country. Headcounts: To ac hieve their purpose and mission, they affirm their values of integrity, respect for people, innovation, performance and leadership. Around 4000 individuals from diverse disciplines including pharmacy, microbiology, MBA, Accounting, Engineering and Medicine are working nationwide under the umbrella of Incepta. All the skilled and professional personnel are set at their very appropriate responsible positions. . 2 Objectives of the Study: * To learn about the real-life practices of recruitment and selection process practiced in incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. * To learn about the selection tools used and do a cursory analysis of the validity/reliability of these tools. 1. 3 Methodology and Sources of Data: Primary data: We collected information about recruitment and selection process of Inceta Pharma by face to faces interview. Md. Iftakhairul Alam Shehab Asst. Officer, Human Resources shared the recruitment & selection process of incepta with us.Secondary data: From the website of Incept a Pharma, we collected their background and some other information. 1. 4 Scope of Our Study: This report is prepared only the basis of Head office of Incepta Pharma which situated in Tejgaon, Dhaka. Basically we don’t emphasize on their whole industrial recruitment and selection process. CHAPTER TWO 2. Recruitment: To attain the ultimate goals and objectives of an organization, recruiting the right people is very important. Recruiting brings together those with jobs to fill and those seeking jobs. 2. Recruitment Sources: This is the first step in the recruitment and selection process. Sourcing candidates means organization employment specialist is using a variety of methods to find suitable candidates for job vacancies. Sourcing can be done via online advertising on job and career sites or professional networking and participation in trade associations. Another creative sourcing technique employment specialists utilize is monitoring employment changes at industry competitors to recruit applicants familiar with the same type of business you are operating.So recruitment sources are: * Internal Searches * Employee Referrals/Recommendations * External Searches * Alternatives The main external recruitment sources for entry level employees of Incepta Pharma are Universities, Other organizations. For entry level employees universities are good recruitment sources. Incepta pharmaceuticals is a reputed organization and maintain good working environment so employees of other organizations are also eager to join the organization. For mid and senior level they go for internal recruitment. 2. 2 Communication Message:There are about three types of messages (Traditional, Realistic job preview and targeted), organization may use to provide information that will attract a significant pool of qualified candidates and discourage unqualified ones from applying. Incepta Pharma normally use realistic job preview type message in their advertisement. 2. 3 Recruitment Method: 2 . 3. 1Entry Level: Incepta Pharma use job fair, campus recruitment, internship (mainly for pharmacists) advertisement, employee referral method for external recruitment. They use university teachers’ referral for pharmacists recruitment.Choice Basis: Generally for medical promotion officer (MPO) they give news paper advertisement. Here they need higher yield ratio because when applicants understand the responsibility and challenges during training period most of them switch the job. They use employee referral because it is cost effective and these types of candidates also have to cross an extensive selection process for final selection. So there is no possibility of nepotism. They use job fair and campus recruitment because the processes require less time and the methods are targeted.By using internship they can evaluate an applicant practically. Challenges of the Methods: Except advertisement by using job fair, campus recruitment, internship, employee referral methods they a re getting only limited applicants but a vast number of applicant are not coming to their applicants pool. So there is most possibility the organization is depriving from more efficient candidates. 2. 3. 2 Mid and senior level: The organization follows promotion system for mid and senior level employees. When the company was started they followed head hunting for mid and senior level employees.But now they use internal sources for mid and senior level employees recruitment. Mid and senior level employees turnover is rare in the incepta. When any mid and senior level employee turnover or dead then responsibility of that person is shared by his/ her team because they would like to do team work. Then the vacancy post is filled up by promotion system on performance basis. They do not follow success plan culture. Choice basis: If they use external recruitment processes for mid and senior level employees it will be time consuming and new employees will take time to adapt the environment.S o it is not good for mid and senior level employees. As they would like to do team work the employees know the duties and responsibility of their boss and colleague. So they can easily share duties and responsibility when a mid or senior level employee turnoff or dead. Challenges: If any time for uncertain situation turnover of mid or senior level is high then it difficult to share duties and responsibility among the employees. They may face to problem for development/succession plan as they are following internal recruitment process. CHAPTER THREESelection 3. 1 Selection: Selection of right people from vast number of candidates is a very difficult task. If there is continuous recruitment and selection process year round of an organization, those must have recruitment and selection department. Otherwise some organizations transfer their recruitment and selection responsibilities to the recruiting firm and they pay huge for it. Incepta Pharma handle their recruiting process own. Choi ce Basis of Selection Tools: For Initial Assessment Incepta Pharma overview Resumes and Cover Letters of a candidate.They take written test when a large number of employees are recruited. But for two or three employees they collect CV from CV bank and employee referral and start first interview. Though they prefer employee referral there is no possibility of nepotism because the applicants have to overcome an extensive selection process to get final job offer. So only efficient candidates are selected for their job. 3. 2. 1 Resumes and Cover Letters: All educational, previous experiences, extra curriculum activities and other required information are written in resumes and cover letters.And information needs to be verified by other predictors to ensure accuracy and completeness. Generally organization uses this selection tool to initial assessment of large number of candidates. But sometimes there is a possibility of falsification and misrepresentation of information in resumes and cover letters. Problem with resumes and cover letters: Though resumes and cover letters is the most cost effective method of selection but in words of validity or reliability is very low. Someone may be prepared his/her CV by other.Real work skills or knowledge cannot be measured through this method. 3. 2. 2 Interview Method: Any confusion/curiosity is dissolved with the face to face meeting between employers and candidates. Interview is very important to evaluate person/ job match. For making the interview effective organization should follows these rules: * Asking questions assessing most basic KSAOs * Sticking to basic, fundamental questions suitable for making rough cuts rather than subjective questions * Keeping interviews brief * Asking same questions of all applicants * Useing a standard scoring guideHowever it is almost impossible to judge qualified candidates without Job Knowledge Tests and Performance Tests and Work Samples. But Incepta Pharma take only resumes and intervi ew for selecting their qualified employees most of the cases. They take 3 step descriptive interview for choose their appropriate candidates. 3. 3 Selection Process: The selection process typically consists of eight steps: 1. Initial screening interview 2. Completion of the application form 3. Employment tests 4. Comprehensive interview 5. Background investigation 6. Conditional job offer 7. Medical/physical exam . Permanent job offer For entry level employees selection Incepta Pharma follow following sequence: Collection of CV| v Screening of CV| v Written test| v 1st interview by HR head | v 2nd interview by head of the department | v 3rd interview by director| v Conditional job offer| v Final job offer | Fig: Selection process for entry level employee of Incepta pharmaceuticals Ltd. Always they do not take written test. It depends on number and types of the employees. CHAPTER FOUR ConclusionIncepta pharmaceuticals Ltd. Wants to be research based global pharmaceutical company and a highly efficient generic manufacturer. Now they are 2nd largest pharmaceuticals company in the country and exporting their products in the abroad (57 countries). But they started their business from 1999. They are fastest growing of the top five manufacturing company in the country. The market position they gained within few years only possible by highly skilled and dedicated professionals who can take Proper strategic planning, technical excellence, swift and timely decisions guided by an able leadership.The most important factor that takes an organization in a leading position is its efficient and right human resources. Incepta obtained their skilled and experience human resources by well structured, concurrent and extensive recruitment and selection processes. They have own distinct recruitment and selection process. They prefer internal referral to pick up appropriate employee for their organization. Question may arise have they maintain nepotism and favoritism. Yes they use n epotism and favoritism in efficient and effective manner to draw attention of sufficient candidates who will be resources in future.

About Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1939 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Topics: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Generalized Anxiety DisorderSarah is eighteen years old. She frequently has migraines, difficulty sleeping, and muscle pains that are unable to be alleviated. Sarah experiences severe difficulty in social interactions, asking questions, and processing stress. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Generalized Anxiety Disorder" essay for you Create order From the time she was ten years old, Sarah could not control her overthinking, worry, or fear. This worry often interfered with her daily life and prevented her from functioning at a normal level. Sarah has Generalized Anxiety Disorder and is among the 18.1% of individuals over the age of 18 that suffer from it in America (Anxiety and Depression Association of America). Anxiety disorders, specifically Generalized Anxiety Disorder, can severely interfere with the mental and physical health of an individual and have a neurobiological basis of explanation, and sufferers are often subject to mental illness stigma. SYMPTOMS Generalized Anxiety Disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders, and unlike other disorders it is distinguished by the width of subjects that the patient worries about. Anxiety is considered a disorder when the worry interferes with the daily life of the individual (National Institute of Mental Health). Individuals like Sarah experience the common symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder such as fatigue, excessive worry, panic, and trouble concentrating (American Psychiatric Association). These symptoms can be found in the DSM-5 or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental health issues (American Psychiatric Association). For many sufferers, symptoms such as fatigue and inability to concentrate can increase anxiety. In addition to mental symptoms, GAD can often produce somatic symptoms such as muscle aches and migraines as well as gastrointestinal issues (Sareen par 12). Generalized Anxiety Disorder can manifest differently in different people. For example, John is a 48-year-old man who has been diagnosed with GAD. Johns anxiety manifests through a need for control over the people and things in his life, his anxiety often is communicated as anger instead of fear, and he is often irritable. Nina, an 18-year-old who was diagnosed with GAD at the age of 13, is often withdrawn and quiet. She experiences headaches and gastrointestinal issues. Her anxiety is communicated through excessive preparation for every possible scenario, a constant need for reassurance, and overthinking what she says or does. John and Nina both have the same disorder but they process and express their anxiety differently. Similarly to how healthy individuals process emotion and external stimuli differently depending on their personality, GAD patients interpret and process their anxiety differently as well. CAUSES Generalized Anxiety Disorder can have several different causes, as well as many risk factors. Environmental factors have long been considered a possible risk factor for developing GAD, as well as genetics and heredity. For example, those who experience childhood trauma or stresses, such as a divorce in the family or abuse, may be at a higher risk for developing GAD (Blanco). According to the American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry, other risk factors include: female sex, younger age, single or divorced marital status, low socioeconomic status, poor social supports, and low education (Sareen). Females face pressure in their daily life that can easily lead to anxiety, including street harassment, sexual harassment, and discrimination. Undergoing a divorce or being single can put a serious strain on financial income as well as putting a considerable amount of emotional stress on the individual. Low education and socioeconomic status could cause difficulty in finding emplo yment or advancing in status; for example, a lack of quality education can prevent someone from obtaining a higher-income job. All of the above-mentioned risk factors can increase anxiety in the individual experiencing them. When this anxiety is not properly dealt with and begins to interfere with the individuals life, they could be at risk for developing GAD. NEUROBIOLOGY OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER In the past, there was a very limited understanding of the neurological and biological basis for anxiety disorders. More recently, Generalized Anxiety Disorder has been studied on a neurobiological basis. Recent studies have documented differences in brains with anxiety disorders compared to healthy brains. One of these differences is in the amygdala, the part of the brain that controls fear responses. James Anderson explains this fear response, saying, The clusters of the amygdala are activated when an individual expresses feelings of fear or aggression. This occurs because the amygdala is the primary structure of the brain responsible for flight or fight response (Anderson par 36). This part of the brain is vital in processing emotion, particularly fear, and the activation of the amygdala in response to negative stimuli is an important factor of understanding anxiety. Anderson also explains the biological process that the body undergoes when experiencing anxiety, stating: Feelings of anxiety start with a catalyst an environmental stimulus that provokes stress. This can include various smells, sights, and internal feelings that result in anxiety. The amygdala reacts to this stimuli by preparing to either stand and fight or to turn and run. This response is triggered by the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream. Consequently, blood sugar rises, becoming immediately available to the muscles for quick energy. Shaking may occur in an attempt to return blood to the rest of the body. A better understanding of the amygdala and its various functions may lead to a new way of treating clinical anxiety. (Anderson par 40) This reaction is the bodys way of preparing to face a danger, but when the body reacts this way often, it can be physically as well as mentally draining. This rise of adrenaline eventually wears off, and leaving the body to recover. This activation of the amygdala in response to negative stimuli is normal, exaggerated activation has been noted in anxiety-prone and diagnosed patients (Stein). In a study conducted by Murray B. Stein, two groups were tested to measure amygdala reaction in response to viewing negative emotions displayed on human faces. This task was used to attempt to measure the activation of parts of the limbic system during an emotion-processing task. Stein states that in response to this: We found increased amygdala and insula activation in young adult anxiety-prone non-patients relative to subjects with normative levels of anxiety proneness. We also found that the magnitude of activation in these limbic regions correlated moderately with several measures of anxiety proneness, such as anxiety sensitivity and neuroticism. (Stein et al) An increased activation means that there is an increased fear response, which gives biological proof for anxiety disorders. In addition to this overactivity, another study has found that the area of the brain that is partially responsible for regulating signals from the amygdala has shown a failure to activate, causing ineffective regulation of emotions and fear stimuli in the brain (Etkin et al). This region is called the pregenual cingulate cortex. Etkin states: Moreover, we recently found functional connectivity and structural evidence for an intra-amygdalar abnormality at a subregional level in generalized anxiety disorder (12). Thus, it appears that patients have deficits in both activating relevant control regions (pregenual cingulate) and in the connectivity required for such regions to exert control over limbic structures. (Etkin et al) The connections between parts of the limbic system are an important part of emotional regulation, and as stated above by Etkin, there was a lack or deficit in the functionality or existence of these connections. This would lead to an impaired ability to regulate emotion which is a possible cause of the excessive worry that GAD and other anxiety disorder patients face. The body has a system in place to regulate the emotions and stimuli that we experience every day, but what happens when it fails? The individual is then left with an onslaught of emotions that they have no way of processing. The overactivity of the amygdala and the failure of activation of the pregenual cingulate cortex are neurobiological evidence of the difference in the brain structure of individuals with anxiety disorders. Elizabeth Martin summarizes this concept in an excerpt from her study about the neurobiology of anxiety disorders, saying: The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders Commonalities in anxiety disorders include functional hyperactivity in limbic regions, particularly the amygdala, and the inability of higher cortical executive areas to normalize the limbic response to stimuli. (Martin et al) It is important to understand exactly how brains with anxiety disorders function. An understanding of these biological differences can help shift the attitude toward mental illnesses such as GAD away from personal responsibility of an individual and toward a comprehensive understanding of the true causes of anxiety disorders. STIGMA Mental illness has been surrounded by stigma. Stigma can take many forms, but is generally an association of negativity or prejudice toward a certain topic. Mental illness stigma often prevents or discourages people from seeking necessary treatment due to fear of discrimination or the negative reaction of others. According to Anxiety.org, a survey conducted in 2010 showed that 46% of surveyed adolescents with mental disorders reported experiencing unfair judgment from family members because of their disorders and 62% reported experiencing the same stigmatization from their peers (Anxiety.org). This level of judgment from friends, family, and society can deter an individual from seeking necessary treatment. For some individuals, this stigma prevents them from acknowledging that they need help, and self-stigmatization can worsen the symptoms they experience. For those who suffer from anxiety disorders, stigma can have an even worse effect. The constant worry caused by the disorder can heighten the fear of judgment from others which can become a barrier to seeking treatment. Due to fear of what others might think or say, they might avoid seeking help. By raising awareness of the reality of mental illness we can begin to dismantle the harmful stigma surrounding it. This can be done by educating ourselves about the causes of mental illness and having compassion for those who experience them. TREATMENTS Generalized Anxiety Disorder can be treated and many who live with this disorder can lead productive lives. Anxiety can be treated with cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants, and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a good option for those who prefer not to take medication because it addresses negative thinking patterns and helps the patient devise coping strategies to manage the symptoms of GAD (Mayo Clinic Staff). Luckily, there is little to no risk associated with CBT, although it could cause emotional discomfort or general discomfort. This type of treatment is a good way to address and attempt to manage symptoms of GAD. Antidepressants and SSRIs are commonly used to treat anxiety disorders. SSRIs work in the brain to keep serotonin in the synaptic cleft by preventing them from being reabsorbed. It is believed that high levels of serotonin can cause an elevated mood, thus working to alleviate symptoms (McIntosh). Sarah has been on SSRIs for several years and has reported an alleviation of anxiety symptoms. For many like Sarah, cognitive behavioral therapy isnt enough and medication is necessary. Not all of our brains are the same, however, and what works for some patients may not work for others. CONCLUSION Generalized Anxiety Disorder is one of the most common disorders in the U.S. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 6.8 million adults or 3.1% of the American population suffer from GAD (Anxiety and Depression Association of America). Fortunately, this disorder is highly treatable. While sufferers still continue to face social stigma, attitudes toward mental illness are changing. The evidence of neurobiological causes of mental illness has helped shift these attitudes away from personal responsibility and toward a comprehensive understanding of the true causes of anxiety disorders like GAD. There is no cure but individuals can live productive and fulfilling lives even while living with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.